Different Types of Cells

by admin on December 9, 2011

Cell is a basic functional and structural unit of life that is capable of independent existence and arises from pre-existing cells. If we sit down to classify them then there are two basic types: Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes. It is not that they are morphologically different but also vary in their metabolic system, structure and reproduction. However be it of any type they belong to any of the five kingdoms that is Monera, Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.

Prokaryotic Cells:

In these cells the nucleus is devoid of nuclear membrane. Genetic information is generally stored in plasmids instead of chromosomal DNA. Their size is approximately 1-2µm in diameter and 10µm in length roughly size of mitochondria. They vary in shapes also and are spherical shaped, rod shaped and spiral shaped. They divide by the process of binary fission. Prokaryotes perform various functions in the environment such as decomposers, fermentations and also play a crucial role in our digestive cycle. Prokaryotes are an integral part of nitrogen cycle thus restoring nitrates back to the soil. They also have the flexibility of using sulfur for their metabolism instead of oxygen. Bacteria and cyanobacteria belong to this class.

 

Eukaryotic Cells:

Their most distinguishing feature is the presence of membrane bound nucleus. Apart from nucleus they also have other membrane bound structures called as organelles. Mitochondria and chloroplast being the most important organelles perform metabolic and energy conversion functions respectively. Other than these organelles there is another structure known as endoplasmic reticulum which aids in transportation and structural support. Plant cell is also an important member of eukaryotic cells; they function in a similar way only. It is just that they have three additional structures which are cell wall, vacuoles and plastids. Members of all kingdoms except that of Monera come under this type.

There is another mode of classifying cells that is on the basis of their origin.

Cells arising from ectoderm

Ectoderm is the outermost germinal layer and there is variety of cells in human body originating from this layer.

v  Gland cells: Exocrine secretary cells

  • Mucous cell of Salivary Glands
  • Serous cell of Salivary Glands
  • Mammary gland for milk secretion
  • Lacrimal gland for tear secretion)
  • Ceruminous gland cell of ear
  • Sebaceous gland
  • Seminal vesicles secreting seminal fluid components
  • Prostate gland cell
  • Mucous cell of stomach lining
  • Clara cell of lung

 

 

v  Hormone secreting cells:

There are various glands which may be endocrine or exocrine which are responsible for secretion of hormones. Hormones are responsible for different physiological as well as metabolic activities in human body.

  • Anterior Pituitary Gland: secrete different hormones like
    • Somatotropes
    • Corticotropes
    • Thyrotropes
    • Lactotropes
    • Gonadotropes

 

  • Intermediate Pituitary Gland which secrete Melanocyte stimulating hormone

 

  • Neurosecretory Cells: it secretes hormones like oxytocin and vasopressin

 

  • Gut and respiratory tract cells secretes an array of hormones
  • serotonin
  • endorphin
  • insulin
  • glucagon
  • somatostatin
  •  cholecystokinin
  •  gastrin
  • secretin

 

  • Thyroid Gland cells
  • Parathyroid Gland cells
  • Aderenal Gland cells which secrete steroid hormones
  • Leydig cells found in testes secrete testosterone
  • Ovarian follicles secreting estrogen
  • Corpus luteum cells secreting progesterone
    • Juxtaglomerular cell for renin secretion
    • Mesangial cells of kidney

 

Cells arising from epithelial cells lining the body cavities

  • Synovial cell  found in lining joint cavities which secrete hyaluronic acid
  • Serosal cell found in lining of peritoneal, pleural, and pericardial cavities
  • Squamous cell lying in the lining perilymphatic space of ear
  • Squamous cell in the space of ear
  • Columnar cell of ear
  • cell again  in the lining  ear

Then there are ciliated cells with propulsive task

  • Ciliated cells of respiratory tract
  • Ciliated cells of ovarian follicle
  • Ciliated cells in brain cavity
  • Ciliated cells of rete testis
  • Ciliated cells of uterus lining

Cells arising from endoderm

Endoderm is the inner most germinal layer. Generally cells of Integumentary system and   Nervous system are included in this. They include

v  Integumentary cells

  • Keratinized Epithelial Cells
  • Wet stratified barrier epithelial cells

 

 

v  Nervous system

  • Transducer cells
  • Autonomic nervous system cells
  • Sense organs
  • Peripheral neuron supporting cells
  • Central nervous system cells
  • Glial cells
  • Lens cells

 

Cells derived from mesoderm

Mesoderm is the middle germinal layer. It includes:

v  Storage and Metabolic cells

  • Liver cells
  • Fat cells

 

v  Barrier Function cells: They include cells of lung, gut, exocrine cells, kidney cells, urinogenital tract cells

 

v  Matrix Cells: They are extracellular and include:

  • Ameloblast  cell  for tooth enamel secretion)
  • Organ of Corti
  • Fibroblasts
  • Tendon fibroblasts
  • Bone marrow fibroblasts
  • Odontoblast
  • Hyaline cartilage cells
  • Osteoblast/osteocyte
  • vitreous cells of eye

v  Contractile Cells

Skeletal muscles

Heart muscles

Stem cells

Myoepithelial cell of iris and exocrine glands

 

v  Blood and immune cells

Erythrocytes

Platelets

Monocyte

Macrophages

Langerhans cel

Osteoclast

Dendritic cell

Microglial cell

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Mast cell

Helper T cell

Suppressor T cell

Cytotoxic T cell

Natural Killer  cell

B cell

 

v  Pigment Cells include retinal pigment cells and melanocytes

v  Germ Cells includes oocytes, spermatids and spermatocytes

v  Nurse Cells: Ovarian follicle cells, Sertoli cells of testes and thymus epithelial cells come under this category

v  Interstitial cells basically that of kidney

 

 

 

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Different Types of Abuse

by admin on November 18, 2011

Before getting into categorization and classification, it is most important understand what is abuse? What kind of a behavior is actually capable of being called an “abuse”? In a broader perspective, abuse can be termed as a behavior which is unfair and is done for a bad purpose. There are so many different types of abuses. People generally talk about abuses in a relationship. However, abusive behavior or treatment may also be encountered in other fields of life as well. If one begins to count, there will probably be more than a hundred kinds of abuses. This article discusses a few kinds of abuses which exist most commonly in life.

  1. Abuse of Information: Plagiarism, which refers to copying and using the copied information by one’s own name, is a part of the Abuse of information. Apart from this, using a piece of information without the permission of the person concerned and for inappropriate actions is also an abuse of information. Inside trading, in which the prices known only to a set of people are made public to a party so that it may benefit from it, is also an abuse of information.
  2. Abuse of Power: Abuse of power is a major issue in most of the developing and even the developed nations. Abuse of power refers to a situation when a person unlawfully uses the power of his office and his position to benefit himself or a known party. Over the years, many politicians, bureaucrats, government official etc. have been expelled from duty on the grounds of abuse of power.
  3. Abuse of Statistics: Abuse of Statistics refers to a situation when a person changes or modulates the correct statistics in such a way that they become false and helpful to a person or organization in particular. At times, the change is statistics may be by mistake. However, at other times, it is well-intended and on purpose. It is in these cases that abuse of statistics becomes a punishable crime. For instance, if a doctor forms an incorrect report on purpose and to achieve some unlawful purpose, he can end up losing his job as well his license to practice.
  4. Ad Hominem Abuse: This is a kind of abuse which intends to inflict blames on a person to exploit his image and social standing. To belittle the man who is playing the opponent, one may go on to talking about his character, conduct etc. For instance, saying that, “Che Guevara was not a man worthy of respect because he was responsible for so many killings” would be an ad hominem.
  5. Animal Abuse: Animal abuse refers to treating animals cruelly for purposes that are endearing to humans. Many organizations across the world, like PETA and PFA have been working to improve the conditions of animals and to stop animal abuse. Time and over, many celebrities have also come up for the cause. Most people have given up eating non-vegetarian food and stopped wearing fur to stop animal abuse.
  6. Bullying: Bullying is basically a kind of abuse where the more powerful bully or makes the less powerful suffer. There are many different kinds of bullying- verbal, physical or emotional. There are strict laws to deal with bullying in some countries. However, some other countries do not have a defined statement for bullying and no specified punishment for it either. In the recent years, bullying has become a very common offence in schools and colleges.
  7. Character Assassination: Character assassination is a type of abuse where an attempt is made to spoil the reputation of a person. It can also be concerned as a type of ad hominem. Modifying the true news and making it into something untrue is a character of character assassination. A person can sue another person or organizations on the grounds of conducting character assassination.
  8. Child Abuse: Child Abuse is a crime and that too of a high stature. Child abuse refers to an improper treatment of a child that may cause physical or emotional injury to the child. According to the statistics, it is believed that the most common place of child abuse is the home itself. Some of the cases of child abuse also happen at school, colleges and other community places. Child abuse is essentially of four types- sexual abuse, neglect, emotional or psychological abuse and physical abuse. There are strict laws to deal with child abuse in almost all nations.
  9. Clandestine Abuse: The clandestine abuse is a type of abuse where the victim is abused physically, mentally or sexually and the crime is kept hidden from the society. This type of abuse is most common in high profile cases where the criminals have both power and money to keep the crime clandestine.
  10. Cyber Abuse: Cyber Abuse is the kind of abuse which involves the use of cyber space and cyber technology to defame a person or spread untruthful knowledge about him which can cause a huge deal of harm to his social reputation. The instances of cyber crime have increased in recent times due to evolution of social networking.
  11. Detainee Abuse or Prisoner Abuse:  Prisoner Abuse or Detainee Abuse refers to the mistreatment of prisoners by the prison authorities. Prisoner Abuse can also be of many different types- physical, psychological, sexual, torture, humiliation etc. The biggest incident of prisoner abuse came in front of the world when the pictures of prisoner abuse in Abu Gharib prison of Iraq were exposed to the world.
  12. Discriminatory Abuse: The world is full of people who are different in many ways- caste, religion, race, color, nationality etc. When discrimination is made against someone owing to their being different in some or the other way from the people in authority, it is referred to as Discriminatory abuse. Once, discriminatory abuse against the blacks was very common. However, the conditions have improved majorly now.
  13. Domestic Abuse or Domestic Violence: Domestic violence is the kind of abuse which involves violence against one partner from the other partner. The violence may also be inflicted by both the partners over each other. There can be many causes for domestic abuse – alcohol, mental illness etc. Domestic Violence includes physical violence, sexual abuse, rape, emotional abuse or abuse of any other kind.
  14. Employee Abuse: Employee Abuse refers to use of any kind of physical, emotional or psychological abusive practices towards a colleague or a co-worker. Employee abuse can be considered to be a part of bullying. Sometimes, the employers bully the employees. The cases of employee abuse have become more common in recent times.
  15. Financial Abuse: Financial Abuse is when a person starts to show unlawful rights over someone else’s property, money, financial bonds, belongings etc. There have been many cases when the power of attorney was unlawfully transferred from one person to the other.
  16. Flag Abuse: The flag abuse or abuse of flag refers to those incidents when the flag of a nation or an organization publicly disrespected. Most of the countries have stringent laws that would stop the abuse of flag.
  17. Gay Abuse: Till only a few year back, gay people were not given the equal rights in society. As a matter of fact, the gay community had to go through many problems before states and nations began to recognize it as a normal sexual orientation and it became acceptable. However, in certain parts of the world, gay people are still abused in public. Gay abuse is a kind of abuse when gay people are bullied, beaten up, discriminated or unfairly treated because of their being gay. There are strict rules against gay abuse now.
  18. Harassment: Harassment is a type of abuse. Harassment involves a number of different types of abuses. Any illegal or unlawful act which is intended to disturb or create problems in the life of a person or an entire community or organization is termed as Harassment. The harassment can be of many different types – power harassment, sexual harassment, electronic harassment, computer harassment, mental harassment etc. Like any other types of abuse, every country has strict laws against harassment too.
  19. Human Rights Abuse: Human Rights are those rights which are granted to every citizen of a nation. In case these rights are exploited, a person can move to the court. Human Right abuse is when the citizens of a nation or a citizen in particular is denied their human rights. Right to food, Right to education, Freedom of speech etc. are all human rights.
  20. Legal Abuse: Legal abuse is when the legal rights of a person are exploited. Apart from this, legal abuse can also be conducted by legal authorities, attorneys and people related to profession of law. There are so many kinds of legal abuse- law enforcement abuse, legal abuse conducted by advocates or judiciary and legal abuse by litigants.
  21. Mental Abuse: This type of abuse is also known as psychological abuse. Psychological or mental abuse is when a person inflicts upon another person situations and behavior that can cause mental trauma, chronic depression, anxiety, and post stress–chromatic disorder. Child Abuse, bullying and abusive relationships are all a part of mental abuse.
  22. Ragging: Ragging is most common in schools and colleges. Ragging is when a student or a college student is ill treated by his seniors or colleagues, causing him physical or mental harm. Ragging is most peculiar in India, Australia and Sri Lanka. In America, Ragging is known by the term hazing. Most of these nations have made strict norms to handle with the punishable offence of ragging or hazing.
  23. Religious Abuse: Religious abuse can be of many types. It includes using the religious teachings for fulfilling wrong purposes. If a person is discriminated on grounds of religion, it is also a part of religious abuse. Violence motivated by illusive religious practice or on the basis of religion is also termed under the category of religious abuse.  Examples of religious abuse are human sacrifice, irritation rites, communal riots, witch hunts etc.
  24. Self abuse: Self abuse is yet another type of abuse. In this kind of abuse, a person abuses self. One inflicts physical and mental pain. People abusing drug, indulging is cutting hands etc. This problem is most common in adults and adolescents. One has to take a proper therapy to come out of it. Apart from this, will power and determination are two attributes that can help people come out of self abuse.
  25. Stalking: Stalking refers to the situation when an unwanted person follows another person. Stalking can be in real life as well as on cyber space. Stalking is essentially a kind of harassment. In some countries, stalking is considered to be a civil crime while in many other it is a kind of criminal offence.
  26. Terrorism: Many people take terrorism to be a whole another issue but the fact is that terrorism is categorized under abuse only. Terrorism can be understood to be a way which uses violence to create fear in the minds of the people to achieve a particular task. The terrorism has increased manifold times in the last few decades.
  27. Verbal Abuse: Verbal abuse is the kind of abuse when a person uses improper language for any other person. This type of abuse involves the use of profanities and words that are harmful to a person’s dignity or character. The results of verbal abuse can be low self esteem, dwindling faith in one’s own abilities, depression, emotional torture etc.

There are many other types of abuses. However, one thing that a person needs to keep in his mind is that there are strict laws to deal with all kinds of abuse. If you are a victim of any kind of abuse, it is only advisable that you take legal action against the person who is causing harm to you or who is abusing you in any way. Do not take anything wrong from anyone. Stand for your rights.

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Different Types of Butterflies

November 17, 2011

Butterflies are also god’s one of the most beautiful creation. They different hues and vibrant spirits enlighten the surrounding environment in a completely different manner. They have beautiful pair of wings of different patterns and colors. These wings are attached to the median portion of the body which is called as the thorax which enables [...]

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Different Types of Arthritis

August 11, 2011

Arthritis is growing common as well as severe day by day. If we look at the literal definition of arthritis it refers to inflation of joints. It is a disorder generally pertaining to bones and joints. Joints are junction point of two bones like that of hand, elbow, hip or knees. Arthritis generally causes stiffness, [...]

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Different Types of Bacteria

August 9, 2011

When it comes to diversity then microorganisms are the best example to support. Amongst these bacteria are the most diversified creatures of all. Their variety is maximum as compared to any living from on this planet. Don’t go by their size, they are hardly visible by naked eye, aid of a microscope is mandatory. But [...]

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Different Types of Soil

August 8, 2011

A thin layer of material in which plants have their root and are on earth surface is known as soil. It consist of many things such as decayed plant weathered rock and animal matter. It takes a long period of time to be formed. When there is interaction of many things such as air, water, [...]

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Different Types of Cancer

May 28, 2011

A few decades back, cancer was a rarely known disease. People did not even know about what cancer was. It is because, till a few decades back, cancer was a rare disease. However, with the change in lifestyle, the increase in global warming, pollution hazards etc. the incidents of cancer have also started increasing. The [...]

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Different Types of Love

May 27, 2011

Love is the most incredible feeling in this world. There is absolutely nothing that compares to being in love. Kahlil Gibran once very rightly said,” Love has no desire but to fulfill itself. To melt and be like a running brook that sings its melody to the night. To wake at dawn with a winged [...]

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Different Types of Art

May 26, 2011

Art, over the centuries, has been the most incredibly successful method of depicting emotions, sharing stories and expressing oneself. Early incidents of rack cave paintings prove that even our ancestors indulged in drawing paintings to express their feelings, emotions, rituals etc. With time, the art evolved and took many different many forms. Today, there are [...]

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Different Types of Apples

May 25, 2011

Apples are perhaps the most ancient and most popular fruit till date. Many old legends even have their description, just like the very famous Adam and Eve tale. Initially apples were used as deserts since they helped in proper digestion. They can be even cooked, baked or used for making ciders. Apples are biological member [...]

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